Tuesday, February 26, 2008
Saturday, February 23, 2008
An ultralight airship, our next "Auto"
An ultralight airship must weigh less than 254 pounds empty weight, except for floats and safety devices like a parachute. It also cannot exceed a maximum level flight speed of 55 knots, (which is unlikely to be a limiting factor in a hot air blimp). The stall speed limit of 24 knots should provide no problem as a lighter-than-air craft should be able to sustain flight at 0 knots.
The airship fuel source that provides propulsive power cannot exceed 5 U.S. gallons. If more than 5 gallons of fuel is carried then the fuel used to propel the vehicle in the horizontal direction should be separate from the fuel providing lift.
The ultralight airship may carry any amount of fuel to power the burner that creates lift. However? the empty fuel tanks must be included in the total empty vehicle weight of less than 254 pounds.
To be truely "Green" our craft will contain it's own hydrogen generator, which transforms Ethanol into Hydrogen and then releases it into the BalloonWing or converts it into Electricity to power the TurboFan, which provides horizontal and vertical forces for steering, direction and even emergency lift. Experimental craft will then be tested for more practical applications.
Friday, February 22, 2008
What It Takes to Push a Single Atom
February 22, 2008 NYTIMES
Scientists Measure What It Takes to Push a Single Atom
By KENNETH CHANG
I.B.M. scientists have measured the force needed to nudge one atom.
About one-130-millionth of an ounce of force pushes a cobalt atom across a smooth, flat piece of platinum.
Pushing the same atom along a copper surface is easier, just one-1,600-millionth of an ounce of force.
The scientists report these minuscule findings in Friday’s issue of the journal Science.
I.B.M. scientists have been pushing atoms around for some time, since Donald M. Eigler of the company’s Almaden Research Center in San Jose, Calif., spelled “IBM” using 35 xenon atoms in 1989. Since then, researchers at the company have continued to explore how they might be able to construct structures and electronic components out of individual atoms.
Knowing the precise forces required to move atoms “helps us to understand what is possible and what is not possible,” said Andreas J. Heinrich, a physicist at Almaden and an author of the new Science paper. “It’s a stepping stone for us, but it’s by no means the end goal.”
In the experiment, Dr. Heinrich and his collaborators at Almaden and the University of Regensburg in Germany used the sharp tip of an atomic force microscope to push a single atom. To measure the force, the tip was attached to a small tuning fork, the same kind that is found in a quartz wristwatch. In fact, in the first prototype, Franz J. Giessibl, a scientist at Regensburg who was a pioneer in the use of atomic force microscopes, bought an inexpensive watch and pulled out the quartz tuning fork for use in the experiment.
The tip vibrates 20,000 times a second until it comes into contact with an atom. As the tip pushes, the tuning fork bends, like a diving board, and the vibration frequency dips.
A single atom does not roll, and even a perfectly smooth surface is not perfectly smooth. Instead, the atom rests in small indentations in the lattice, in effect like an egg in an egg carton. The resistance — what becomes friction when multiplied by millions and billions of atoms — comes from the energy needed to rearrange the bonds between the cobalt atom and surface.
When the tip pushes hard enough, the atom hops, almost instantaneously to the next indentation. “It’s not smooth,” said Markus Ternes, another Almaden scientist working on the research. “It’s faster than we can detect.”
From the changes in the frequency of the tuning fork vibrations, the scientists calculated the force that the tip applied to the cobalt atom.
Copper is less sticky than platinum, because of differences between the underlying bonds, and hence allowed the greater ease is pushing the cobalt atom along.
Scientists Measure What It Takes to Push a Single Atom
By KENNETH CHANG
I.B.M. scientists have measured the force needed to nudge one atom.
About one-130-millionth of an ounce of force pushes a cobalt atom across a smooth, flat piece of platinum.
Pushing the same atom along a copper surface is easier, just one-1,600-millionth of an ounce of force.
The scientists report these minuscule findings in Friday’s issue of the journal Science.
I.B.M. scientists have been pushing atoms around for some time, since Donald M. Eigler of the company’s Almaden Research Center in San Jose, Calif., spelled “IBM” using 35 xenon atoms in 1989. Since then, researchers at the company have continued to explore how they might be able to construct structures and electronic components out of individual atoms.
Knowing the precise forces required to move atoms “helps us to understand what is possible and what is not possible,” said Andreas J. Heinrich, a physicist at Almaden and an author of the new Science paper. “It’s a stepping stone for us, but it’s by no means the end goal.”
In the experiment, Dr. Heinrich and his collaborators at Almaden and the University of Regensburg in Germany used the sharp tip of an atomic force microscope to push a single atom. To measure the force, the tip was attached to a small tuning fork, the same kind that is found in a quartz wristwatch. In fact, in the first prototype, Franz J. Giessibl, a scientist at Regensburg who was a pioneer in the use of atomic force microscopes, bought an inexpensive watch and pulled out the quartz tuning fork for use in the experiment.
The tip vibrates 20,000 times a second until it comes into contact with an atom. As the tip pushes, the tuning fork bends, like a diving board, and the vibration frequency dips.
A single atom does not roll, and even a perfectly smooth surface is not perfectly smooth. Instead, the atom rests in small indentations in the lattice, in effect like an egg in an egg carton. The resistance — what becomes friction when multiplied by millions and billions of atoms — comes from the energy needed to rearrange the bonds between the cobalt atom and surface.
When the tip pushes hard enough, the atom hops, almost instantaneously to the next indentation. “It’s not smooth,” said Markus Ternes, another Almaden scientist working on the research. “It’s faster than we can detect.”
From the changes in the frequency of the tuning fork vibrations, the scientists calculated the force that the tip applied to the cobalt atom.
Copper is less sticky than platinum, because of differences between the underlying bonds, and hence allowed the greater ease is pushing the cobalt atom along.
Sunday, February 10, 2008
Wednesday, February 6, 2008
America's Makeover.
Hillary says that she will remake American. I believe America is using us to realize and become its true self. The same self that bore us through the nation's birth, the wars we've fought, the depression of the 30's the recessions of the 80's. America's true self is also felt in the good times, our victories both on the field of battle and on the field of honor, Fourth of July Parades, cookouts in the park, and quiet fishing trips that are over before breakfast. Perhaps most of all, Americas true self can be seen in our service to the world's poor and downtrodden. To help those without hope and without a voice up. America is in our bombs, which are mightly, and in our ability to conduct tough trade agreements, but it is keener our ability to rebuild roads and hospitals and nieghborhoods. America is seen most clearly in a child's mind when they realize that somewhere deep down they are Free too.
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